Documentation of Billing System Essay

Brief description of the proposed thesis topic The word ‘billing’ can refer to both the total amount of goods and the act of counting them. Others take a billing to insure the number of items ordered matches the actual number of items counted physically. Statement of the Objectives General Objective The general objective is to create a computerized billing system for J&S Oyster Restaurant. Specific Objectives The following are the specific objectives of the study that will determine the deliverables: * To present an accurate computation on the bill charged to the customers. * To produce a print out on every sales on a daily weekly monthly basis. * To secure records on the database. * To procure a more accurate orders eliminating errors done manually. * To facilitate a faster transactions in billing the customers. Significance of the proposed thesis topic or justification This study was made to make the work easier, faster and more accurate in terms of billing. The proposed system was developed and implemented to lessen the work of management of the company. It provides more accurate and reliable records of billing (day, week and month). Review of Related Literature and Studies Ritchie, Marshall and Eardley (1998) mentioned that by providing a suitable support environment, office automation system are intended to benefit the knowledge workers in two days: Direct benefits are better control over work, due to less division of labor and fewer non-productive activities such as filling, record keeping and updating. Another benefit would be indirect benefits, are less quantifiable, and may enrich the organization through long-term profitability and growth. These benefits can be less dependency on other department for support with copying printing and similar activities, less need for procedures and control to monitor work flow between departments, increased individual job satisfaction due to greater personal effectiveness in carrying out the range of tasks, greater customer satisfaction, due to better information production and a more timely service, increase competitiveness of an organization through the improved use of its information resource and its ability to respond to business pressures on opportunities. IT applications have changed the nature of the workplace. Tasks ranging from taking orders to analyzing business plans are done using computers rather than paper and pencil. Where people once relied done wherever and whenever it is most convenient. Alter (2001) cited that using telecommunications technology as a substitute for travel is one part of a trend of bringing the work to the workers rather than the workers to the work. In the same general vein, the phrase †any place any time† increasingly summaries the customer’s expectation that business will provide what the customers wants, when and where the customer’s wants it. With the fast and ever changing technology, communication plays a vital role in any business as this will allow its client and the company to interact at an instant. Greater connectivity supports the continuing convergence of computing and communication whereby communication capabilities have become essentials to many systems, and computing capabilities have become essential to communication systems. Consider the way sales people at many firms use touch-one telephones to obtain pricing information and enter orders. In these systems, the telephone becomes a data entry terminal for an information system. (Alter 2001) Since the endeavor will use SMS technology in providing the automated inquiry service, population over the texting market will undeniably needed. Olive (June 16,2004) in his article said the, the Philippines was cited recently as Asia’s leader in short message service by CommunicAsia 2004, an annual telecommunication and broadcasting held recently in Singapore. He further stated that there are already 25 million mobile subscribers. This phenomenal growth can also be equated to the affordable and accessible mobile service. At this time, SMS has become more popular and is not limited to personal usage; different sectors of the population are now using this technology to gain competitive edge in information technology. Nowadays, the use of SMS technology great helps us in our daily lives, most of the time we communicate with others through SMS. The proposed system allows the use of SMS technology for notification feature that sends message to the MIS head when a computer peripheral is altered.

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Essay

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits According to the American Psychological Association, â€Å"Obesity is a condition marked by excess accumulation of body fat. Genetic factors play a key role in obesity, but so do behavioral factors — especially eating too much and exercising too little. † Behavioral and social/cognitive theories approach the habit from two different perspectives and both theories can explain reasoning behind the habit. However creating a plan that will apply operant conditioning can change a habit. A child can be in a normal weight range up until a specific age, once that child turned ten they began to gain weight. As a child, the environment around them tends to be a major influence on behavior; however when looking at examples such as close relatives their eating habits appeared to be similar over the generations as well as their size. The eating habits the child has formed, which contributed to their weight gain, could be because of the influence specific people have in their life such as family members or a habit formed due to their environment. Growing up and being told not to move until your plate is empty or that you can’t have dessert until all your vegetables are gone, were common statements that a child may hear and actions that they watched their families make. Other factors such as growing up in a single parent household with a parent that didn’t have time to cook and constantly fed their children the dollar menu could impact that child’s later habits in life. Now when that child is an adult they continue the same eating habits constantly finishing everything on their plate or frequently eating out to save time and is facing obesity as the result. In order to change this habit and individual may consider using operant conditioning. Operant conditioning uses a reward/punishment system to reinforce behaviors and is more closely used during social cognitive therapy. There may be various factors or theories which contribute to an individual’s eating habit but in this case social cognitive theory may apply more appropriately. Developing a plan to change an eating habit may be creating a new lifestyle. By using tools such as portion control, exercise, and using a food tracking. First step is to eat proper portions of the right food, next track the food to be aware of how much food an individual is eating, lastly exercise. Rewards for following this plan will be decrease in weight, which means new clothes for every ten pounds lost, also the ability to eat additional food items throughout the day if exercising. Punishments if not following the plan will be additional work out time, no snacks and no new clothes if not losing the weight. If an individual can stick to the plan then ultimately an individual will eliminate the habit of over eating and live a healthier lifestyle.

The Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The...

Steroids seem to to be having a negative view for much of history. Steroids are drugs used by athletes to become stronger and achieve a strong physique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that I am against the legalization of steroids. The perspective for the legalization of steroids believes in benefits. The article â€Å"Performance-Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized.† by Stephen Wang focuses on the idea†¦show more content†¦though it s completely unrealistic at this point in time. Researchers have found a disadvantage for detection of performance-enhancing drugs. Performance-enhancing drug makers develop new undetectable drugs. The final point made by Wang is how legalized PEDs would work. Evidence used by Wang is that there needs to be medical supervision through legalizing performance-enhancing drugs. Much support for legalization is due to the fact that the drugs are unsafe because of the priority to make them undetectable instead of safe. The article â€Å"Overhaul of global anti-doping system needed.† by Sharmila Devi focuses on the idea that doping needs to be legalized in order to be used for study. There is the idea of reforming the system. Academics and scientists question how costly the global anti-doping framework is. Some even called for legalization. Many specialists would like to see the system innovated for medical research. However, specialists fear of condoning drugs if they speak publicly on their perspectives. WADA has representatives of public authorities and the Olympic movement. This agency has a list of 300 banned substances which include stimulants, anabolic steroids, and ot her drugs. Use of these drugs may result in health effects like risk of stroke, heart failure, and kidney damage. Harm may be reduced if some banned substances were allowed after after testing and regulation. Pitsiladis who has been on the committee believesShow MoreRelatedEssay Steroid Legalization Rebuttal811 Words   |  4 PagesRebuttal Article â€Å"Why it’s time to legalize steroids in professional sports† written by Chris Smith of Forbes Magazine argues that to level the playing field of professional sports it would be beneficial to legalize the use of performance enhancing drugs. Mr. Smith’s ideals that professional sports would be a fairer, more entertaining version of itself if performance enhancing drugs were legal, is an incredibly irresponsible and impudent declaration. Mr. Smith states â€Å"The primary reason why performanceRead MoreSteroid Hormones And Its Effects On The Body2137 Words   |  9 PagesThe term steroids are defined as, One of a large group of chemical substances classified by a specific carbon structure. Steroids include drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation, such as prednisone and cortisone; Vitamin D; and some sex hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol (medicine net, The Web). According to the medical source, Among them are male and female sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. Vitamins of the D group are steroids involved in calcium metabolism. CholesterolRead MoreSteroids and Other Performance Enhancers Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue over steroids and other performance enhancer drugs has been a recent topic in the sports world. The debate over whether or not to punish those who have been caught using has been a major topic recently, as well as the legalization of these drugs. When arisi ng the question of whether or not to legalize steroids, many positive and negative factors are brought to the table, and in effect could change various aspects of our normal day lives. Anabolic steroids are a class of naturalRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports A tremendously large problem in sports is whether or not athletes should be able to use performance enhancing drugs. To most people, it doesn t make any sense for athletes to be using them. They have to know what affect it has on their body not only physically, but also mentally. Around the early 2000’s is when all this starting coming up and it has made a dramatic impact on the sports world. The few people who want performance-enhancing drugs in sports don’t worry aboutRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs : Helpful Or Detrimental?2373 Words   |  10 Pageshas this impacted MLB† Barry Bonds, the man who broke Hank Aaron’s home run record in 2007 should be hailed as one of the greatest sluggers to ever swing a bat. So why isn’t he? With a career plagued with controversy over the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs (PED’s), Bonds’ historic records will be debated and held in controversy forever. The numbers Bonds put up during his career should earn him a first class seat headed to the Hall of Fame; however, even without an actual convictionRead MoreShould Steroids Be Illegal For Athletes?900 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If steroids are illegal for athletes, then why isn’t photoshop illegal for models?†. Documented steroid usage has increased significantly over the past decade, however this paper contends that with the help of medical research, medical surveys and first hand experience, I will demonstrate steroids are not as hazardous as the general public perceives steroids to be. As steroid use cont inues to be identified in the news, a growing trend in America and all over the world right now seems to be askingRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs For Sports1227 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs Sport records are becoming harder   to break and seeing records are starting to become a thing of the past.. Players aren’t being able to hit these home runs or score long touchdown’s. Injured   players are getting kicked off the team or even quit because they can’t get to their peak performance that they were at before they got injured.   If more players were to use performance enhancing drugs they would be able to compete to the performance of past players. A performanceRead More The History of Steroids: The Legal and Illegal Usage of Steroids1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of steroid by athletes has been a controversial issue for some time. One can argue that the usage is totally wrong and it is against the morals and the rules of the games. Although steroids boost up the process of muscle building and endurance, it also has complications in the long run. Those that cheat their way by using and or abusing such chemicals can have serious health defec ts. A real athlete should work his/her way with hard work and the correct training to build that endurance andRead More Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance enhancing drugs in sports (doping) is done to improve athletic performance. Doping in sports has become a highly controversial topic among professional sporting venues and in the media. With the increased pressure to perform, high priced contracts, increased competition, and advanced training methods today’s athletes will try to gain an edge by any means necessary. Performance enhancing drugs used by athletes today include Human Growth Hormone (HGH), anabolic steroids, peptide hormones, amphetaminesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesBasic Properties of Probability 295 6.4 Conditional Probability 302 6.5 Independence 313 6.6 Some General Probability Rules 323 6.7 Estimating Probabilities Empirically Using Simulation 335 Activity 6.1 Kisses 347 Activity 6.2 A Crisis for European Sports Fans? 347 Activity 6.3 The â€Å"Hot Hand† in Basketball 347 Graphing Calculator Explorations 351 7 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 7.1 Random Variables 358 357 7.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables 361 7

The Aspects Of Business Ethics - 1435 Words

Over the course of this semester, we have covers several aspects of business ethics. I will be covering Chapter 11, Diversity and Discrimination, to break down discrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative action. I served in the military for 13 years, and there are regulations that pertain to these three topics. The Armed Forces is a very diverse organization, and all entities stress regulations and procedures when it comes to equal opportunity. During my time in the U.S. Army, I had leaders of all different race, gender, and ethnicity. We all knew that we were a team fighting for one another if it came down to it. There were classes given about discrimination, equal opportunity, and sexual harassment to keep us aware of the workplace. New Soldiers would come into the unit and then dispersed to whatever section their job required them to be. Although people composed their own opinions about others, there was never any discrimination against anyone. Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to about good consequences. Men such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and John Mill have been major philosophical contributors to the realm of ethics. In particular, Aristotle has inspired most virtue ethics theories who have declared that a virtuous person is someone who has ideal character traits. In the eyes ofShow MoreRelatedMoral Aspects Of Business Ethics989 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Aspects of Business Business Ethics: The buying, selling and trading of goods are practices that have existed from the dawn of creation and will most likely continue until extinction. These customs are comparable to many other necessary established applications and practices. Take for example the complexities of Republics, in theory this form of government is intended to empower the citizens of a nation rather than a single ruler. Its purpose is to promote equality and justice across the nationRead MoreEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Business Ethics1350 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors in business industry have provided different definitions for business ethics. Moreover, definition varies for different people and different organizations. In general, Business ethics:-- -is a set of moral values or applied ethics that’s drives the operation of business. It’s more than operating a business under existing laws. There is always a question of morality and this morality of values comes from values held by the society. But ethics for each company may have high standard toRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Its Current Practices And Various Aspects1388 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Issue pertaining to Business ethics, its current practices and various aspects: Discrimination related to the employment in the businesses is one of the major ethical issues nowadays. It creates many problems in the workplace and can reduce the motivation level, loyalty and commitment with the firms. Discrimination on workplace can be defined as the imbalanced or unequal treatment with employees based on biases. This biasness may be based on age, sex, race, ethnicity, nation, language, religionRead MoreEthics Is A Very Important Aspect Of Any Business Or Person1255 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is a very important aspect of any business or person on this earth. Ethical social responsibility is the responsibility that one has to act in a certain way that benefits society as a whole in some way. You must always act in a way that benefits society instead of thinking about yourself. To me, economic responsibility is the responsibility that one has to act in a certain way in order for a profitable society for all. There are similarities and differences between these t wo types of responsibilityRead MoreEthics and Values in Business Sustainability789 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 Rough Draft Ethics and values can be described as very important to business sustainability. There are ethics which are individual moral principles that govern or influence a person’s behaviour and there are business ethics which are written or unwritten codes of principles or values that govern decisions and actions within an organisation. Values are the context within which an organisation or a society’s norms are established and justified. All these aspects are important to the sustainabilityRead MoreCHEESE CAKE FACTORY987 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Ethical and Socially Responsive Business The Cheese Cake Factory is the restaurant I chose to evaluate when it comes to the code of ethical conduct. The code of ethical conduct is essential when it comes to running a business. In order for the company to be successful, they must carefully address problems and behaviors within the company that might affect the company. The code of conduct is crucial when it comes to the human aspect of the company. For the company’s success, they must follow andRead MoreBasic Categories of Business Ethics661 Words   |  3 Pagesfeatures of commercial activity, (Marcoux). However, business ethics is a remarkably complex area that impacts every aspect of commercial enterprise. Every business has some kind of ethical code, which outlines the fundamental moral values of the company. From that code of ethics comes a list of dos and donts that the company might choose to follow. The companys behavior, and that of its employees, should ideally reflect its ethical code. Business ethics usua lly addresses issues such as social responsibilityRead MoreEthics : The Principles Of A Culture Individuals, Organisation Or Groups814 Words   |  4 PagesEthics are the principles of a culture individuals, organisation or groups. It is also moral values which cultures or individual holds, such as the moral judgment and their decision making whether something is right or wrong. The decisions that may be impacted by ethics are rejecting a route which will increase their short terms profits due to it being unethical. This is an important aspect of business, as this affects the relations between different businesses and their workers but also affectsRead MoreBook Report On Ethical Decision Making830 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Hamed Alanazi Book Report Ethical decision-making 10th edition â€Æ' Ethics The book I chose is â€Å"Business ethics: Ethical decision-making† 10th edition is written by O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell. It was published by Cengage Learning in 2014. This book consists of almost 340 pages and five parts. According to Amazon this book is among top seller. Something extraordinary about this book is that, this book highlight several cases related to the business ethics that help the readerRead MoreChanging Role of Hr Management959 Words   |  4 Pagesdriven by e-business and technology need to be ready to respond and adapt to the environmental changes and should focus on satisfying the company’s customer needs. In this role, the HRM contributes proactively to the development of global strategic plans and objectives. This essay will explain the changing roles in human resources management to the trends of: (a) globalization, (b) technology, (d) diversity, (e) e-business, and (f) ethics. Globalization The globalization of a business is the

The Real Lincoln A New Look At Abraham Lincoln - 1757 Words

In Thomas Dilorenzo’s controversial book, The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, a new light is shed upon the historic President Lincoln. It challenges ideas and beliefs that students are taught in grade school, and incorporates a new way of thinking. Above all, this book provides insight into the real life of Lincoln, and remains controversial due to its impeding and harsh criticisms. Dilorenzo, an economic historian, is often questioned about his ethics and credibility to write such a critical book. There are different branches within the historical field of study. The economy plays into society and government today, as it plays a major role in our history. The economy is a substantial part†¦show more content†¦Shortly following the first few sentences, Dilorenzo immediately challenges what most people know about Lincoln by saying that the works composed about him are a myth. Most assume that Lincoln was a noble politici an, supporting the American way of life. However, Dilorenzo states that Lincoln â€Å"seethed in frustration for many years over how the Constitution stood in the way of his political ambitions† (3). This accusation proposes the notion that Lincoln was not a patriotic American man, but a selfish politician only concerned with his own political agenda. Also, many students are taught that Lincoln was an advocate for the abolition of slavery. However, Dilorenzo argues that Lincoln was â€Å"opposed to political or social equality of the races† (3). A pro-abolitionist strongly supports the equality of the races, whereas Lincoln supposedly does not. The next chapter in Dilorenzo’s book tells of Lincoln’s actual opposition to the equality of the races. At young ages in developmental history classes, elementary students are taught that Lincoln supported the abolition of slavery and fought for slaves’ rights. Dilorenzo again strongly challenges this idea. In fact, â€Å"[Lincoln] developed plans to send every last black person to Africa, Haiti, Central America – anywhere but the United States† (17). This idea is better known as colonization. Colonization is a term used to describe

Geography essay free essay sample

Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a national population lives in towns and cities. It can be movement from rural to an urban or simply involves a growth in the number of people in urban areas. On the other hand, starting from Cold War era, threefold division of the world was employed. In political sense, ‘First World’ regards to capitalist industrial market economies or more-developed countries while ‘Third World’ refers to some initially nonaligned states, which eventually became clients states of one camp or the other. In a socio-economic sense, the Third World refers to countries that failed to develop economically after independence (Pacione, 2009). From the above, we can see that there are some fundamental differences between First World and Third World, which lead to various characteristics of the urbanization process between two worlds. Although it was inevitable to have differences in the urbanization process between these two worlds, some similarities can be found. In this essay, I shall attempt to analyze both the similarities and differences between the main characteristics of the urbanization process in the First and Third Worlds. I will focus on investigating social and economics aspects. Market Force – The invisible hand Undoubtedly, urbanization has a close relationship to the economic development. One of the similarities of the urbanization process in First and Third World is that the processes in both places are mainly driven by the economic development. (Pacione 2009) In 18th century, Industrialization  began gaining popularity in Britain. Increasing jobs opportunities and the higher wages in industrial regions attracted people living in the rural areas to flock to the cities as it is believed that living and working in urban areas will raise their living standards. Same phenomenon was found in Africa. In 20th century, the establishment of new industries in North Africa drove people, which around 47. 8% of African, from rural to the urban areas for higher wages and job opportunities (African Development Bank Group 2012). Actually, the above phenomenon could be implied by Rostow’s stages of economic growth model, which tell that once countries start developing, there would be a central role of primate cities in development. As a consequence, the primate cities would provide lots of job opportunities, which led to urbanization to primate cities. From the above, we can see that the urbanization process in both First World and Third World countries were actually driven by market force, the invisible hand. Due to historical difference as well as the variation in soft power1, it is inevitable to have differences in the urbanization process between these two worlds. The most explicit differences, concerning social and economic aspect, are population growth and urban poverty. Population growth In social aspect, the population growth in the Third World is much greater than that in First World in urbanization process. To commence with, the speed of population growth of urbanization process in the Third World exceed the First World. According to the Demographic Transition model (Thompson, 1929) (figure 1) (BBC, 2013), it described the population change in different stages of industrialization and urbanization. At the beginning of the industrialization, the population growth and the rural migration into urban area are rapid, and then the trend slows down and finally reaches near zero. First world countries have passed through the second stage after the Industrial Revolution, and most of these countries are in the third stage nowadays while some highly-developed countries like Japan and the US are steeping into the fourth stage. Similarly, Thompson (1929) believed that the Third World countries are in the stage two which the First World countries have passed through. Therefore, the population growth of Third World would be much larger than that in First World. In Table 1, we can see that from the World Population Prospects released by United Nation, the population growth rate of First World was much smaller than Third World, which the population growth rate of Third World was three times than first world. Also, According to Table 2 below, we can see that the Population of Third World sharply increase from 280 millions to 4877 millions while population of First World had relatively slight increase from 813 millions to 1194 millions. These statistics show that the Demographic Transition model stands, which the annual growth rate of population in less developed countries was indeed greater than that of more developed countries. (Figure 1) (Table 1) (Table 2) Besides the differences in the population growth, the urban growth rate in Third World also has a sharp contrast with the First World. Table 2 below shows that in 1930, there are only 17. 9% of population in the Third World lived in urban area while there was over half of the urbanized population in the First World countries at that time. However, the continued urbanization process over the last 50 years brought Third World’s urban growth rate greatly surpass that of the First World. From Table 2, we can see that in year 2000, the urban population of the Third World has already transcended First World for more than 2 times and it is predicted that such a trend will continue to reach around 4 times in 2030. What is more, the distribution of the world’s urban population had experience a gigantic change. According to Table 2, the ratio of the distribution of population between the First and Third Worlds has changed from 1:0.7 to 1:2. 2. T herefore, it is explicit that the process of urbanization in the First World began saturated. From the above, we can see that there are two factors for the urban growth and population growth in such a trend, which are the overall urban growth and the population growth. According to Figure V, the increase in urban population from 1950 and 2000 is nearly the same between urban growth and overall population growth in Philippines and India. From Figure V, we can see that USA is the only country that the overall population growth was the fundamental factor for urbanization. It is predicted that between 2000 and 2050, China’s urban population will be guarded by the urban growth. On the contrary, the urbanization process of the United States would be dominated by an overall population growth. From the above, we can see that the urbanization process in First World countries, represented by USA, are mainly driven by overall population growth while the urbanization process of the Third World would mainly attributed to urban growth (World Urbanization Prospects, 2011). Urban Poverty – Vicious cycle in the Third World There are no causal relationship between urbanization and poverty. However, poverty is an unavoidable consequence if no corresponding measures are implemented to solve the imbalance social condition caused by urbanization. Unfortunately, this is the exact difficulty faced by Third World countries. Rapid urbanization in Third World has exceeded the capacity to provide primary service for their citizens. (Giok Kai, 2007). When it comes to urbanization in Third World countries, urban poverty have naturally becoming more concentrated in urban areas as there are no corresponding nor appropriate measures carried out. Massive slum areas characterize most large cities of Third World countries. Table 3 (UN-HABITAT Global Urban Observatory, 2003) Indeed, urban poverty takes place in both First World and Third World. Yet, Third World raises more awareness than that in the First World as the severity is much bigger in Third World. According to Table 3, urban slum population in developing regions is sixteen times over developed regions. In order words, through calculation, the percentage of slum population to total population in developing regions and developed regions are 4. 5% and 17. 6% respectively. According to UN-HABITAT’s report in 2007, it predicted that there would be about two billion slum population in 2030 which more than 95% of slum population would be found in developing region (UN-HABITAT, 2007). It is no wonder that Third World raises more concern than in the First World. The speed and scale of urbanization of the Third World have post a thread to the countries’ social and economic condition. There are increasing numbers of residents living in poor living environments with poor sanitation, no clean water, lack of facilities as well as lacking living space due to saturation of capacity in urban regions. Worse still, as increasing people come to urban for job and shelter, the supply of labour increase tremendously but the job opportunities did not increase to cater the increasing labour, therefore, ironically, urbanization in turn leads to serious unemployment problem. It is estimated that about 30 – 60% of urban dwellers are living under poverty in the Third World. Let’s take Asia as an example. According the research conducted by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, it is estimates that around 640 million of people in Asia are living on less than one dollar per day. What is more, urban poverty has been rising from 110 million people in 1993 to 167 million in 2002 (Giok Kai, 2007). Even worse, as Third World countries keep attracting new migrants, this would probably magnify the number of squatter settlements, which in turn aggravate the problems of urban decay, urban congestion and urban poverty. These problems had posed a challenge to government in improving basic infrastructure ad providing principal services to citizens, which would led to further unemployment and lack of urban planning, result in urban congestion, implying aggravating urban poverty. A vicious cycle is then formed in Third World. In conclusion, urbanization is an inevitable process for all countries to go through during development as it is driven by market force naturally. However, it had different impacts to the First and the Third World due to different cultural factors faced by the First and Third World. Nowadays, urban poverty in Third World, which own nearly 95% of urban slum population in the world, is becoming increasing severe and requires urgent attention from the governments, even the whole world. In the era of global village, every citizen of world should face and try to assist Third World countries to cope with their aggravating urban poverty problem. On the other hand, for those countries which have not yet experienced the urbanization process, the above figures and data would be the best reminders to them to take preventive measures before carry out further development in their countries. All in all, urbanization is a double-edged sword to a country, if the government can implement appropriate measures to solve at list some of the problems arisen by urbanization like developed countries did, it would definitely bring more good than harm to their nationals as well as the social, economic and political situation of the country.

Today, We Are More Concerned With Our Environment Than Ever Before. Si

Today, we are more concerned with our environment than ever before. Similarly, it is my belief that we are more knowledgeable about our earth's environment than did previous generations. I do not believe it would be an understatement to say that the planet earth is in serious jeopardy--from the shrinking rain forests, to the polluting of the oceans and land, to the ozone layer problem. Nevertheless, for purposes of this discussion, it is my intent to focus on pesticides as one particularly rampant source of environmental problems. I particularly favor this subject, because I know that we as Americans can do much to prevent the deleterious impact which pesticides are having upon our environment. This is not some abstract notion that many people have regarding the ozone layer. For example, in one's own backyard or garden, there is much one can do in this respect. Opposition by environmentalists to pesticide use in general and to certain groups of compounds in particular has grown in recent years, based on the contention that pesticides present a threat to the environment and to health. First aroused by the book "Silent Spring" (1952) by Rachel Carson, the anti-pesticide movement has had a substantial influence both in the U.S. Congress and in several state legislatures. As a result, severely restrictive legislation has banned the use of many pesticides and restricted use of several others. Also, costly and complicated legislation requirements have been imposed on new compounds. Pesticide legislation has significantly hampered research and development in the field. The average cost and lead-time needed to recover, research and market a new pesticide has increased from $2 million dollars and four years in the 1950's to nearly $20 million dollars and ten year s in the 1970's. In recent years, more new pesticides have been banned than have had continued effective use, and there has been a reduction in the number of chemistry companies producing pesticides since the restrictions took effect. Environmentalists, scientists, and workers in the pesticide industry have also contented that some pesticide compounds are hazardous to human health. Workers in factories that produce some of these compounds have, in the process of bringing legal suits against some manufacturers, received financial compensation for illnesses allegedly caused by exposure to these chemicals. Agricultural workers have also brought suits, claiming that they have suffered physical damage as a result of pesticide exposure. Some pesticide chemicals -- recently DBCP, which effects the production of sperm-- have had their manufacturing severely restricted. Long range potential dangers of pesticides in the body are also beginning to concern experts. In 1989, controversy arose over safe pesticide levels for children. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) claimed that the U.S. food supplies were safe, the National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) produced a study claiming that the safety standards used by the EPA were based on adult diet and physiologies. Some other problems have been attracting public attention. Certain pesticides are lethal to bees, and it is estimated that heavy pesticide use, especially in areas that depend on bees to pollinate crops, have caused substantial reduction in local hive populations. Finally, it has been suggested that the build up of non-degradable pesticides in the soil and in food chain may be more hazardous, in the long run, than these immediate problems. At this point, however, even the claims made against DDT -- which was banned in the United States because of its supposed deleterious effects and its bioconcentration in the food chain -- are still denied by many experts. (Baker, pp. 11-13) Frankly, I am more concerned about the solutions than I am with the causes. Clearly exposure to limits of pesticides in food, and in particular, produce, needs to be given further attention. It was not so long ago when President Clinton and Al Gore first took office, and they both voiced their commitment to the environment. Unfortunately, fruits and vegetables, especially throughout the United States and in particular, California, are exposed to heavy concentrations of pesticides, which inevitably ends up in the food chain, and as well things which people themselves ingest. It seems as if every where you look, there they are: stirring about in your kitchen, hanging in the hallway, and